Name: James Patrick Cummins

 Rank:  Full Professor

 Status:  Tenured

 Member of Graduate Faculty:  Full

 Date of Preparation: January 2000

 DEGREES:

Ph.D.  

• University of Alberta, Educational Psychology, l974.

 Diploma   

• Applied Psychology (Postgraduate one-year program, second class, honours, grade one), The National University of Ireland, 1971.

 B.A. 

• Psychology, National University of  Ireland (first class honours), 1970.

 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:

 1996 - present  

• Professor, Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, OISE/UT.

 1989 - 1996 

• Professor,  Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, OISE.

 1992 - 1993  

• Head, Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, OISE

 1983 - 1989   

• Associate Professor, Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, OISE.

 1981 - 1983 

• Assistant Professor, Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, OISE

1980 - 1981  

• Associated Instructor, Department of Curriculum, OISE

 1978 - 1980 

• Visiting Professor, Modern Language Centre, Department of Curriculum, OISE

 1976 - 1978   

• Research Associate, Centre for the Study of Mental Retardation, The University of Alberta.

 1974 - 1976  

• Research Associate, Educational Research Centre, St. Patrick's College, Dublin 9.

 HONOURS: 

 May 1997

• Doctorate in Humane Letters (honorary) Bank Street College of Education, New York.

 1992 

• Los Angeles County Bilingual Directors Association Award

 1990 

• English-Speaking Union's Duke of Edinburgh English Language Book Competition (highly commended) The development of second language proficiency. (B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, M. Swain [Eds.], Cambridge University Press, 1990).

 1979 

• International Reading Association, Albert J. Harris Award for best paper on detection and remediation of reading disability; (J. Cummins and J.P. Das, Cognitive processing and reading difficulties: A framework for research. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, l977, 23, 245-256).

SCHOLARLY AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES:

 Editorial/Advisory Board Memberships:

Journals:

• Journal of Postcolonial Education (1999 -

• Educational Researcher (1999 – 

• Asia Pacific Journal of Language in Education (1998 -           

• Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics (1978 - 1980)

• International Education Journal (1984 - 1986)

• International Journal of Applied Semiotics (1997 –

• International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (1997 -

• Bilingual Research Journal (1991 -

• Canadian Modern Language Review (Advisory Committee 1990 - )

• College ESL (1990 - )

• Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (1980 -

• Language Culture and Curriculum (1987 - 

• NABE Journal (1980 - 1984)

• Our Schools, Our Selves (1988 - )

• TESOL Quarterly (1990 - 1994)

  Monograph Series:

• OISE Monograph Series on "Language and Literacy" (Series editors: J. Cummins, S. Lapkin and M. Swain) (1980-1990)

 Newsletter:

• Heritage Language Bulletin (1984 - 86)

 Appointments to Commissions/Boards of Directors/Adjudication/ Advisory Committees:

•  Advisory Editorial Board, Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Multilingualism and Linguistic Diversity book series (1999 - 

• Advisory Board, Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, Annual Editions, Teaching English as a Second Language (1998 –

• Panel of Judges, 1999 Outstanding Dissertation Competition, National Association for Bilingual Education, 1998.

• Advisory Board, Su Lin Foundation on Global Education (1996-

• Language Advisory Board, Scholastic Publishers (1992-94)                          

• Multiculturalism Canada Adjudication Committee on Heritage Language Innovative Projects (1992).

• Multicultural History Society of Ontario Encyclopedia Project Board of Advisors (1991-1998) (The Peoples of Canada: An Encyclopedia for the Country).

• Member of the Scientific Board, University Language Teaching

• Resource Unit, University of Toronto (1991 -  ).

• Ontario Ministry of Education Heritage Language Program            Resource Guide Advisory Committee (1989).

• The Board of Directors, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka (1988).

• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (l985-1991) (Member of Expert Team for Case Studies project, Education and Cultural and Linguistic Pluralism, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, OECD).

Study/Lecture tours:

• Lecture Series on Bilingualism, Technology, and Literacy, The University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece, May 1997 and  May 1998.

• Lecture Series on Language Learning and Bilingualism at the invitation of the Sophia Institute for International Communication, Sophia University, Toyko, Japan, December 1990. (Published as a monograph in Sophia Linguistica, 29, 1991.

• Study/Lecture tour of Maori bilingual programs and New Settler education programs at invitation of New Zealand Department of Education (February 1989).

•  Lecture Series/Consultancy to the Basque Government on development and evaluation of Basque/Spanish bilingual education programs (1986-1987).

Since 1980, I have presented, on average, 12-15 keynote/invited plenary presentations and more than 40 workshops annually to educators on topics related to language learning, bilingual education, English as a second language, multicultural education, special education, technology and education, and educational reform.  In addition to North America, keynote/plenary presentations have been given in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Aruba, Mexico, Italy, Japan, Spain (Catalonia and the Basque Country), France, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Greece, and Switzerland.

 GRADUATE SUPERVISIONS:

 Completed

 Ph.D.                       20

 Ed.D.                        9

 M.A.                         6

 In Progress

 Ph.D.                        9

 Ed.D.                       

 M.A.                         3

 Ph.D.

 Borg, Carmel

• Hegemony, catholicism and education as counterdiscourse: Rethinking schooling in Malta. (1991-1995).

 Dodick, David Jonathan

• A tale of two schools: A comparative case study of computer networking in two schools in the Toronto Board of Education.  (1993-1998).

 Donitsa-Schmidt, Smadar

• Language maintenance or shift? Determinants of language choice among Soviet immigrants in Israel (1996-1999).

 Esquillo, Marie T.

• The social and psychological determinants of language shift: The case of the Filipino immigrants in Virginia Beach, Virginia. (1984-1995).

 Fiorucci, Sonia B.

• Teaching a second language to dialect-speaking students: an exploratory observational study of Italian heritage language classrooms. (1986-1998).

 Gagné, Antoinette

• A curriculum and pedagogical change: a case study of the implementation of process writing in a suburban French immersion elementary school. (1985-1994).

 Kanno, Yasuko

• There’s no place like home: Japanese returnees’ identity in transition. (1991-1996).

 Katsaiti, Lilly-Thelka

• Text remembering and cueing in bilinguals. (1981-1986).

 Lerthirunwong, Malai

• Problems and attitudes of Indochinese refuguees towards their language maintenance: A case study of the Lao community in Toronto.  (1982-1989).

 Man, Evelyn Yee-Fun

• Language use and language behaviour of Hong Kong Chinese students in Toronto. (1989-1997).

 Marujo, Maria Manuela Vaz

• From the margins to the centre? A case study of the integration of culturally diverse students’ first language into the mainstream curriculum of an elementary school. (1989-1999).

 Morgan, Brian David

• Exploring critical citizenship in a community-based ESL program (1993-1999).

 Nunes, Fernando

• Portuguese-Canadians and academic underachievement: A community-based, participatory research project. (1989-1999).

 Nygren-Junkin, Lilian

• The heritage language classroom as a cultural bridge with two-way traffic. (1977-1997).

 Oketani, Hitomi

• Subtractive to additive bilinguality: A study of relations between bilinguality, academic achievement and socio-psychological factors of second-language generation Japanese-Canadian university students.  (1989-1995).

 Shred Foley, Kathryn

• Decontextualized language skills and literacy development among Spanish-speaking children.  (1987-1992).

 Smoor, Ellen Marie

• Conjugate lateral eye movements: Indicator of cognitive activity during mental processing in a structured L1 and L2 learning environment.  (1988-1995).

 Tiede, Katherine Doris

• Appropriating the discourse of science: A case study of a grade eight science class. (1989-1996).

 Wong, Ruth Yeang Lam

• Strategies for the construction of meaning: Chinese students in Singapore writing in English and Chinese.  (1988-1992).

 Wynnckyj, Oksana

• Learning Ukrainian as a second language. (1987-1993).

Ed.D.

 Au, Doris

• Programming for mother-tongue maintenance and heritage language education for elementary students of Chinese ethnic origin in Toronto. (1987-1995).

 Chan, Ivy

• The process of mother-tongue maintenance among Chinese adolescent students. (1980-1989).

 Corson, Patricia

• Anti-bias education in early childhood: Preparing teachers for cultural, linguistic, and racial diversity. (1994-1998).

 Faries, Emily Jane

• Language education for Northern Native children. (1987-1991).

 Gavigan, William

• Evaluation of genre-based Grade 9 narrative writing. (1991-1999).

 Kietprawat, Kanchana

• English as a foreign languge instruction in Phrae province, Thailand. (1980-1984).

 Kim, Young Gon

• The role of attitudes/motivation in learning a heritage language: A study of Korean language maintenance in Toronto.  (1985-1992).

 O'Donoghue, Fiona Mary

• Hunger for learning: Developing a professional development model for Nunavut education. (1990-1998).

 Shapka, Brenda

• Evolution of an inquiry: The application of reflection to my practice. (1985-1993).

 M.A.

 Chitiri, Helena-Fivi

• Language use patterns and Greek proficiency of the Greek-Canadian child. (1983-1986)

 Drever, Nicholas

• Frustrated learners: An ethnographic study of the Spanish-speaking students at an inner-city high school in Toronto. (1994-1996).

 Fiorucci, Sonia

• Attitudes of Italian heritage language teachers towards linguistic variation. (1983-1987).

 Fogarasi, George

• Loanwor(l)ds: Delineating English in Japan. (1997-1998).

 Pinchero, Renée

• Integration as ideology: survival ESL and the nation state. (1996-1998).

 Sadeghbeygi, Farangis

• "Silence" is full of meanings: A study of non-native English-speaking students' participation in tutorial and seminar sessions. (1994-1996).

 External Examiner for Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

D. L. Herrarte. Creatividad y conciencia metalinguistica: Incendencia en el apprendizaje del Ingles como L3. University of the Basque Country, Spain, 1997

 S. G. Kouritzin.  Cast-Away cultures and taboo tongues: Face[t]s of  first language loss. Ph.D. The University of British Columbia, 1997.

H. Roessingh. ESL students and the inclusive high school science class: An investigation into the effects of curriculum restructuring.  Ph.D. The University of Calgary, 1996.

 B. Hall. Sorb-German bilingual education. M.A. Thesis, The University of Adelaide, 1996.

 S. Agbo. Viewpoints of Native people on schooling: Problems and priorities of schooling in Cat Lake, Ontario. Ph.D. The University of British Columbia, 1995.

 K. Uzawa.  Translating the writing processes of adult second language learners.  Ph.D. The University of British Columbia, 1994.

 A. Siu-Ping Wong.  Bilingualism in a functional perspective: The language and content learning of immigrant entrepreneurs.  Ph.D. The University of British Columbia, 1993.

 N. Chiramanee.  EFL reading problems for Thai students.  Ph.D.  The University of Sydney, 1993.

 L. J. Keep.  French immersion attrition: Implications for model building. Ph.D. The University of Alberta, 1993.

 S. Paloma McCaleb. Parent involvement in education during early literacy development: A participatory study with Hispanic, African American, and African parents through dialogue and co-authorship of books.  Ed.D. The University of San Francisco, 1992.

Siak-Lee Poh Chun. Factors related to Chinese language achievement in a bilingual situation.  M.Ed. Thesis, The National University of Singapore, 1991.

 GRADUATE COURSES:

 - Language and the School Curriculum (1313: 1979-1984)

- Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (1337: 1978-1999)

- Research Seminar on Multilingual/Multicultural Education (3318: 1983-1999)

- Literacy Development in Heritage Language Programs (1304:1985)

- Critical Pedagogy, Language and Minority Students (1334:1988-1999)

- Critical Approaches to Language Learning and Bilingual Education with Specific

  Reference to Deaf  Students (1304:1995-1996)

EXTERNAL RESEARCH FUNDING:

1998 – 2001             Conceptualizing Pedagogy in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms, $92,100. (A. Gagné, L. Cameron, J. Cummins). SSHRC.

1998 – 2001             Situating Learning in Home, School, and Community: An Action Research Collaboration, $87,130.  (Collaborator; Principal investigator: Sandra Schechter, York University). SSHRC.

1995 – 1996                Home School Collaboration in Promoting Literacy Skills among Portuguese Background Students OISE/Ministry of Education, $32,000. (J. Cummins, J. Lopes).

1993 - 1994                 The Challenge of Diversity: Adjusting to the Cultural and Linguistic Realities of the Mainstream Classroom.  OISE/Ministry of Education, $55,000.  (J. Cummins, G. Feuerverger, J. Lopes).

1993                            Provision and Demand for ESL/FSL Programs. Ministry of Education, Ontario, $30,000. (A. Cumming, D. Hart, D. Corson, J. Cummins)

1991 - 1992                 Biliteracy and ESL Students: The Impact of Encouraging First Language Literacy Development within the Mainstream Curriculum. OISE/Ministry of Education, $29,000. (J. Cummins, G. Feuerverger).

1990 - 1993                 Annotated Inventories of Heritage Language Provision Across Canada.  Multiculturalism Canada, Secretary of State, $140,000. (J. Cummins, M. Danesi, G. Feuerverger).

1989 - 1990                 Assessment and Placement of Minority Students: Identification and Analysis of Significant Initiatives and Policy Options in Ontario. OISE/Ministry of Education, $35,000.

1988 - 1989                 The Classroom Microcomputer as a Catalyst for                                      Interactive/Experiential Pedagogy.  SSHRC                                       General Research Grant, $5,000.

1987 - 1988                 The Development of Bilingual Proficiency in the Transition from Home to School.  OISE/Ministry of Education, $31,000.

1986 - 1988                 National Conference on Heritage Language Teacher Training.  Secretary of State, $100,000.

l985 - l986                   Language and Learning:  Collaboration in Effecting Change in Multicultural Schools, OISE, Toronto Board of Education, Ontario Ministry of Education, $250,000 (G. Wells, J. Cummins, M. Heller).

l985 - l986                   The Role of Ethnic Women in Ontario.  OISE/Ministry of Education, $38,000. (J. Scane, J. Cummins)

l984 - l985                   The Armenians in Ontario:  A Social History                                    Project, Wintario, $ll,l2l. (I. Kaprielian, J. .                                  Scane,  J. Cummins).

l984 - l986                   Establishment of the National Heritage Language Resource Unit, Multiculturalism Directorate, $250,000.

l984 - l985                   Literacy Development in Heritage Language Programs, OISE/Ministry of Education, $42,000.

l983 - 1984                  Feasibility Study for Heritage Language Resource Centre, Multiculturalism Directorate, $5,000.

l982 - l983                   Examination of the Experiences of Educators and Researchers in Various Aspects of the Heritage Language Program, Ontario Ministry of Education, $4,440.

l98l - l988                    The Development of Bilingual Proficiency, Social Sciences and  Humanities Research Council, $l.4 million. (P. Allen, E. Bialystok, J. Cummins, H.H. Stern, M. Swain).

l98l - l983                    Evaluation Package for French Language Programs, Saskatchewan Ministry of Education, $l90,000. (S. Lapkin, M. Swain, J. Cummins).

l98l - 1982                   A War of Words: Bilingual Education and the Search for American Identity, The Ford Foundation, $25,250.

l980 - l98l                    A Study of the Effects of French Language Experience at Kindergarten Level on French Language and Other Academic Progress in French Immersion Programs, Ontario Ministry of Education, $6,000.

l980 - 1981                  A Study of the Relationship between First Language Proficiency and the Development of Second Language Proficiency among Japanese and Indo-Chinese Immigrant Students, InterAmerica Inc. under contract from the National Institute of Education, Washington DC, $38,500. (J. Cummins, K. Nakajima, J. Handscombe, M. Swain).

PUBLICATIONS:

 Career Totals       

Books Authored                        13

Books Edited                             8

Chapters in Books                   103

Articles in Refereed Journals       89

Book Forewords/Afterwords        15

Book Reviews                           16

Technical Reports                     22

Abstracts and/or Papers Read    650 approx. papers read / presented

 Other Publications (e.g. newsletter articles)                27

 ACADEMIC BOOKS AUTHORED

 Cummins, J. (in press). Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

 Cummins, J. (1999). Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society. (Greek Translation). Athens: Gutenberg. (ISBN: 960-01-0797-1).

 Cummins, J. (1996). Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society. Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education. (ISBN: 1-889094-00-5)

 Cummins, J. & Sayers, D. (1995/1997).  Brave new schools: Challenging cultural illiteracy through global learning networks. New York: St. Martin's Press. (ISBN: 0-7744-0430-2)

 Cummins, J. (1991).  Language learning and bilingualism. Tokyo: Sophia University (Sophia Linguistica Monograph, 29). (ISSN 0287-5357)

 Cummins, J. & Danesi, M. (1990). Heritage languages: The development and denial of Canada's linguistic resources. Toronto: Our Schools/Our Selves and Garamond Press. (ISBN: 0-921908-05-9 [Our Schools/Our Selves]; 0-920059-69-4 [Garamond])

 Samuda, R.J., Kong, S.L., Cummins, J., Lewis, J. & Pascal-Leone, J. (1989).  Assessment and placement of minority students.  Toronto: C.J. Hofgrefe and ISSP. (ISBN: 0-88937-024-9 [hb]; 0-92113-01-3 [pb])

Cummins, J. (1989).  Empowering minority students.  Sacramento: California Association for Bilingual Education.

 Cummins, J. & Swain, M. (1986).  Bilingualism in education: Aspects of theory, research and policy.  London: Longman. (ISBN: 0-582-55380-6)

 Cummins, J. (1984).  Bilingualism and special education: Issues in assessment and pedagogy.  Clevedon England: Multilingual Matters.  (Co-published in USA by College-Hill Press). (ISBN: 0-905028-14-7 [hb]; 0-905028-13-9 [pb]).

Cummins, J. (1983).  Heritage language education: A literature review.  Toronto: Ministry of Education.

 Cummins, J.  (1981).  Effects of French language experience at Kindergarten level on academic progress in French immersion programs.  Toronto: Ministry of Education.

 Cummins, J.  (1981).  Bilingualism and minority language children.  Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education,  l98l.

EDITED ACADEMIC BOOKS/JOURNAL SPECIAL ISSUES

 Frangoudaki, A., Dragonas, T., Smith, H., & Cummins, J. (in preparation). The power of education: Resolving historical animosities and teaching for peace, Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

 Cummins, J. & Corson, D. (Eds.). (1997). Bilingual education. Vol. 5  Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. (ISBN: 0-7923-4806-0)

 DeVillar, R.A., Faltis, C.J. & Cummins, J. (Eds.)  (1994). Cultural diversity in schools: From rhetoric to practice. Albany: SUNY Press.(ISBN: 0-7914-1673-9 [hb]; 0-7914-1674-7 [pbk])

 Cummins, J. (Ed.) (1994). Multilingual/Multicultural Education. Special issue of the English Quarterly, 26(3).  Montreal: Canadian Council of Teachers of English and Language Arts.

Cummins, J. (Ed.) (1991).  Heritage languages.  Special issue of the Canadian Modern Language Review, 47(4).

 Harley, B., Allen, P., Cummins, J. & Swain, M. (Ed.) (1990). The development of second language proficiency.  Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press.(ISBN: 0-521-38410-9 [hb]; 0-521-38795-7 [pb])

 Skutnabb-Kangas, T. & Cummins, J. (Ed.) (1988).  Minority education: From shame to struggle.  Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

 Cummins, J. (Ed.) (1987).  Heritage languages in Canada: Research perspectives. Ottawa: Multiculturalism Canada.  French version published as: Les langues ancestrales au Canada: Perspectives de recherche.

Cummins, J. (Ed.) (1983). Heritage language education: Issues and directions. Ottawa: Multiculturalism Canada. (ISBN: 0-662-12426-X)

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS

 Cummins, J. (in press). Rights and responsibilities of educators of bilingual-bicultural children. In L. D. Soto (Ed.) Making a difference in the lives of bilingual-bicultural children. New York: Peter Lang Publishers.

 Cummins, J. (in press). BICS and CALP. In M. Byram (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language teaching and learning.  London: Routledge.

 Cummins, J. (in press). “This place nurtures my spirit:” Creating contexts of empowerment in linguistically-diverse schools.  In R. Phillipson (Ed.), Rights to language: Equity, power and education. Mawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

 Cummins, J. (in press). Assessment options for bilingual learners. In J.V. Tinajero & S. Hurley (Eds.) Literacy assessment of bilingual learners. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

 Cummins, J. (in press). Putting language proficiency in its place: Responding to critiques of the conversational/academic language distinction.  In J. Cenoz & U. Jessner (Eds.), English in Europe: The acquisition of a third language. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

 Cummins, J. (1999). Biliteracy, empowerment, and transformative pedagogy. In J. V. Tinajero & R. A. DeVillar (Eds.), The power of two languages: 2000. (pp. 9-19). New York: McGraw-Hill.

 Cummins, J. (1999). Beyond adversarial discourse: Searching for common ground in the education of bilingual students. In C. J. Ovando & P. McLaren (Eds). The politics of multiculturalism and bilingual education: Students and teachers caught in the cross-fire. (pp. 126-147). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

 Cummins, J. (1999).  Beyond adversarial discourse: Searching for common ground in the education of bilingual students.   In I. A. Heath and  C. J. Serrano (Eds.). Annual editions: Teaching English as a second language 99/00. (pp. 204-224). Guildford, Connecticut: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Semilingualism. In J. L.  Mey (Ed.) Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics. (pp. 3812-3814). Oxford: Elsevier Science.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Language issues and educational change. In A. Hargreaves, A. Lieberman, M. Fullan, & D. Hopkins (Eds.) International handbook of educational change.(pp. 440-459). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

 Brown, K., Cummins, J., Figueroa, E., & Sayers, D. (1998). Global learning networks: Gaining perspective on our lives with distance. In E. Lee, D. Menkart, M. Okazawa-Rey (Eds.) Beyond heroes and holidays: A practical guide to K-12 anti-racist, multicultural education and staff development. (pp. 334-354). Washington, DC: Network of Educators on the Americas.

 Cummins, J. (1998). The teaching of international languages. In J. Edwards (Ed.) Language in Canada. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

 Cummins, J. (1997). Introduction. In J. Cummins & D. Corson (Eds.) Bilingual education. Vol. 5. International Encyclopedia of Language and Education. (pp. xi-xiv). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

 Cummins, J. (1997). Educational attainment of minority students: A framework for intervention based on the constructs of identity and empowerment. In A. Sjogren (Ed.) Language and environment.(pp. 89-101). Stockholm: Mangkulturellt Centrum

 Cummins, J. (1997). Echoes from the past: Stepping stones towards a personal critical literacy. In C.P. Casanave & S.R. Schecter (Eds.) On becoming a language educator. (pp. 57-68). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

 Cummins, J. (1996). L'education multilingue aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique et au Canada. In P.H. Nelde (Ed.) Contact linguistics: An international handbook of contemporary research. Volume 1. (pp. 473-482).  Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Cummins, J. (1996). L'educazione bilingue: ricerca ed elaborazione teoreica. In P.E. Balboni (Ed.) Educazione bilingue. (pp. 11-22). Perugia: Edizioni Guerra.

Cummins, J. (1996). Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. In T. Beauboeuf-Lafontant & D. Smith Augustine (Eds.) Facing racism in education. 2nd edition. Reprint Series No. 28, Harvard Educational Review. (pp. 349-368). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review.

Cummins, J. (1995). Canadian French immersion programs: A comparison with Swedish immersion programs in Finland. In M. Buss & C. Lauren (Eds.) Language immersion: Teaching and second language acquistion. From Canada to Europe. (pp. 7-20). Tutkimuksia No. 192.  Vaasa: Univesity of Vaasa.

Cummins, J. (1995).  Power and pedagogy in the education of language minority students.  In  J. Frederickson (Ed.) Reclaiming our voices. Ontario, CA: California Association for Bilingual Education.

Cummins, J.  (1995).  The European schools model in relation to French immersion programs in Canada.  In T. Skutnabb-Kangas (Ed.) Multilingualism for all.  (pp. 159-168). Amsterdam/Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Cummins, J.  (1995).  Discursive power in educational policy and practice for culturally-diverse students.  In D. Corson (Ed.) Discourse and power in educational organizations. (pp. 191-209). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Cummins, J. (1995). Underachievement among minority students. In D.B. Durkin (Ed.) Language issues: Readings for teachers. New York: Longman.

Cummins, J. (1995). Heritage language teaching in Canadian schools. In O. Garcia & C. Baker (Eds.) Policy and practices in bilingual education: A reader. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. (1994).  Primary language instruction and the education of language minority students.  In C. Leyba (Ed.) Schooling and language minority students (2nd edition).  Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center.

Cummins, J. (1994). Forging identities in the preschool: Competing discourses and their relationship to research.  In K. de Bot, K. Jaspaert & S. Kroon (Eds.)  Maintenance and loss of minority languages.  Amsterdam/Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Cummins, J. (1994).  The discourse of disinformation: The debate on bilingual education and language rights in the United States.  In R. Phillipson & T. Skutnabb-Kangas (Ed.) Linguistic human rights.  Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Cummins, J. (1994).  Semilingualism.  In R.R. Asher (Ed.) International encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edition. (pp. 3812-3814). Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Cummins, J. (1994).  From coercive to collaborative relations of power in the teaching of literacy.  In B.M. Ferdman, R-M Weber, & A. Ramirez (Eds.) Literacy across languages and cultures. (pp. 295-331). Albany: SUNY Press.

Cummins, J. (1994).  The acquisition of English as a second language.  In R. Pritchard & K. Spangenberg-Urbschat (Eds.)  Kids come in all languages.  (pp. 36-62). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Cummins, J. (1994).  Heritage language learning and teaching.  In J.W. Berry & J.A. Laponce (Eds.) Ethnicity and culture in Canada: The research landscape. (pp. 435-456). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Cummins, J. (1994).  The socioacademic achievement model in the context of coercive and collaborative relations of power.  In R.A. DeVillar, C.J. Faltis & J. Cummins (Eds.) Cultural diversity in schools: From rhetoric to practice. (pp. 363-392). Albany: SUNY Press.

Cummins, J. (1994).  Knowledge, power and identity in teaching English as a second language.  In F. Genesee (Ed.) Educating second language children: The whole child, the whole curriculum, the whole community. (pp. 33-58). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J. (1993).  Bilingualism and second language learning.  In W. Grabe (Ed..) Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. (pp. 51-70). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J. (1992).  Bilingual education.  In W. Bright (Ed.) International encyclopedia of linguistics.  New York: Oxford University Press.

Cummins, J.  (1992).  Empowerment through biliteracy.  In J.V. Tinajero & A.F. Ada (Eds.) The power of two languages: Literacy and biliteracy for Spanish-speaking students.  (pp. 1-17). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Allen, P., Cummins, J., Harley, B., & Swain, M.  (1992). Restoring the balance: A response to Hammerly.  In S. Rehorick &  V. Edwards (Eds.) French immersion: Process, product & perspectives. (pp. 314-321).  Welland, Ontario: the Canadian Modern Language Review.

Cummins, J. (1992).  The empowerment of Indian students.  In J. Reyhner (Ed..) Teaching American Indian students.  The University of Oklahoma Press.

Cummins, J.  (1992).  Language proficiency, bilingualism, and academic achievement.  In P.A. Richard-Amato & M.A. Snow (Eds.) The multicultural classroom: Readings for content-area teachers. (pp. 16-26).  New York: Longman.

Cummins, J. (1991).  Interdependence of first- and second-language proficiency in bilingual children.  In E. Bialystok (Ed.) Language processing in bilingual children. (pp. 70-89).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J. (1991).  Empowering minority students: a framework for intervention.  In M. Minami & B.P. Kennedy (Eds.)  Language issues in literacy and bilingual/multicultural education. (pp. 372-390).  Reprint Series No. 22, Harvard Educational Review.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review. 

Cummins, J. (1991).  The politics of paranoia: Reflections on the bilingual education debate.  In O. Garcia (Ed.) Bilingual education. Focusschrift in honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Volume I.  (pp. 183-199). Amsterdam/Phildadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co.

Cummins, J. (1991).  Language development and academic learning. In L. Malavé & G. Duquette (Eds.) Language, culture and cognition. (pp. 161-175). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. & Sayers, D.  (1990).  Education 2001: Learning networks and educational reform.  In C.J. Faltis & R.A. DeVillar (Eds.) Language minority students and computers.  (pp. 1-30). New York: The Haworth Press.

Harley, B., Cummins, J., Swain, M., & Allen, P. (1990). The nature of language proficiency.  In B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.) The development of second language proficiency.  (pp. 7-25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Allen, P., Swain, M., Harley, B. & Cummins, J. (1990). Aspects of classroom treatment: Toward a more comprehensive view of second language education.  In B. Harley, P. Allen, J.  Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.) The development of second language proficiency. (pp. 57-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J., Harley, B., Swain, M., Allen, P. (1990). Social and individual factors in the development of bilingual proficiency. In B. Harley, P. Allen, J.  Cummins, & M. Swain (Eds.) The development of second language proficiency.  (pp. 119-133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J. (1990).  Multilingual/multicultural education: Evaluation of underlying theoretical constructs and consequences for curriculum development.  In P. Vedder (Ed.) Fundamental studies in educational research. (pp. 141-174). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V.

Cummins, J.  (1990).  Heritage language teaching and the ESL student: Fact and friction.  In J. Esling (Ed.) Multicultural education and policy: ESL in the 1990s.  (pp. 3-17).  Toronto: OISE Press.

Cummins, J. (1990).  Empowering minority students: a framework for intervention.  In N.M. Hidalgo, C.L. McDowell, & E.V. Siddle (Eds.) Facing racism in education.  (pp. 50-68).  Reprint Series No. 21, Harvard Educational Review.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review. 

Cummins, J. (1989).  The sanitized curriculum: Educational disempowerment in a nation at risk.  In D.M. Johnson and D.H. Roen (Eds.) Richness in writing: Empowering ESL students. (pp. 19-38).  New York: Longman.

Cummins, J. (1989).  Bilingual special education.  In T. Husen and T.N. Postlethwaite (Eds.) The international encyclopedia of education: Research and studies.  Supplementary Volume One. (pp. 104-107). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Cummins, J. (1989).  Institutionalized racism and assessment of minority children: A comparison of policies and programs in the United States and Canada.  In R.J. Samuda, S.L. Kong, J. Cummins, J. Lewis, J. Pascal-Leone,  Assessment and placement of minority students.  Toronto: C.J. Hofgrefe/ISSP.

Cummins, J.  (1989).  Heritage language acquisition and bilingualism: Principles and pedagogy.  In G.C. Arthur, V. Cecchetto, & M. Danesi (Eds.) Current issues in second language reseqrch and methodology: Applications to Italian as a second language.  (pp. 22-30). Ottawa: Canadian Society for Italian Studies.

Cummins, J. (1988).  Empowering Indian students: What teachers and parents can do.  In J. Reyhner (Ed.) Teaching the Indian child. 2nd Edition.  (pp.  301-317). Billings, MT: Eastern Montana College.

Cummins, J. (1988).  From multicultural to anti-racist education: An analysis of programs and policies in Ontario.  In T. Skutnabb-Kangas and J. Cummins (Eds.) Minority education: From shame to struggle. (pp. 127-157).  Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. (1988).  Mother tongue maintenance in Canada: From politics to pedagogy. In V.S. Lee (Ed.) Language teaching and learning: Canada and Italy. (pp. 75-86).  Rome: Canadian Academic Centre in Italy.

Cummins, J. (1988).  Language planning in education in multilingual settings.  In V. Bickley (Ed.) Languages in education in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual setting. (pp. 262-274). Hong Kong: Institute of Language in Education.

Cummins, J.  (1988).  Language proficiency, bilingualism and academic achievement.  In P. Richard-Amato, Making it happen: Interaction in the second language classroom: From theory to practice. (pp. 382-395).  New York: Longman.

Cummins, J. & Nichols McNeeley, S. (1987).  Language development, academic learning and empowering minority students.  In S.H. Fradd and W.J. Tikunoff (Eds.) Bilingual education and bilingual special education: A guide for administrators.  (pp. 75-94). San Diego: College-Hill Press. 

Cummins, J. (1987).  Immersion programs: Current issues and future directions.  In L.L. Stewin and S.J. McCann (Eds.) Contemporary educational issues: The Canadian mosaic. (pp. 192-206).  Toronto: Copp Clark.

Cummins, J. (1987).  Theory and policy in bilingual education. In Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (Ed.) Multicultural education.  (pp. 303-330).  Paris: OECD. 

Cummins, J.  (1987).  Educational linguistics and its sociological context in heritage language research.  In J. Cummins (Ed.) Heritage languages in Canada: Research perspectives. (pp. 45-62).  Ottawa: Multiculturalism Canada. 

Cummins, J. (1987).  Bilingualism, language proficiency and metalinguistic development. In P. Homel, M. Palif and D. Aaronson (Eds.) Childhood bilingualism: Aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social development. (pp. 57-74).  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 

Cummins, J. (1987).  Second language acquisition within bilingual education programs.  In L. Beebe (Ed.) Second language acquisition. (pp. 145-166).  Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.

Cummins, J. (1986).  Psychological assessment of minority students: Out of context, out of focus, out of control.  In A.C. Willig and H.F. Greenberg (Eds.) Bilingualism and learning disabilities; Policy and practice for teachers and administrators.  New York: American Library Publishing Co.

Cummins, J. (1986).  Theory and policy in bilingual education. In Institute for Ethnic Studies (Ed.) Education in multicultural societies: Treatises and documents. (pp. 281-308). Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies.

Cummins, J. & Bountrogianni, M. (1985).  Assessment of minority children.  In TV Ontario (Ed.) Educating the special child.  (pp. 40-43).  Toronto: TV Ontario. 

Cummins, J. & Genesee, F. (1985).  Bilingual education programmes in Wales and Canada.  In C.J. Dodson (Ed.) Bilingual education: Evaluation, Assessment and methodology.  (pp. 37-50). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Cummins, J. (1985).  The construct of language proficiency in bilingual education.  In J.E. Alatis and J.J. Staczek (Eds.) Perspectives on bilingualism and bilingual education. (pp. 209-231).  Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.  Reprinted in A.R. Contreras, C. Iacon and J.G. Valtierra (Eds.) Bilingual education.  Phi Delta Kappa Hot Topics Series. (pp. 105-128).  Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa, 1988. 

Cummins, J. (1985).  Language and Canadian multiculturalism: Research and politics.  In M. Lupul (Ed.) OSVITA: Ukrainian bilingual education.  (pp. 77-92).  Edmonton: University of Alberta.

Cummins, J. (1985).  Future directions for Ukrainian-Language education.  In M. Lupul (Ed.) OSVITA: Ukrainian bilingual education.  (pp. 261-268). Edmonton: University of Alberta.

Cummins, J. & Troper, H. (1985).  Multiculturalism and language policy in Canada.  In J. Cobarrubias and J-D Gendron (Eds.) Language policy, language rights and legislation in Canada. (pp. 16-27).  Quebec: C.I.R.B. Universite Laval.

Cummins, J. (1984).  Linguistic minorities and multicultural policy in Canada.  In J.R. Edwards (Ed.) Linguistic minorities, policies and pluralism.  (pp. 81-106).  London: Academic Press. 

Cummins, J. (1984).  Implications of bilingual proficiency for the education of minority language students.  In P. Allen and M. Swain (Eds.) Language issues and education policies.  (pp. 21-34).  Oxford: Pergamon Press.  ELT Documents 119.

Cummins, J. (1984).  Bilingualism and cognitive functioning.  In S. Shapson and V. D'Oyley (Eds.) Bilingual and multicultural education: Canadian perspectives. (pp. 55-70). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. (1984).  The minority language child.  In S. Shapson and V. D'Oyley (Eds.) Bilingual and multicultural education: Canadian perspectives. (pp. 71-92). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. (1984).  Minority students and learning difficulties: Issues in assessment and placement.  In M. Paradis and Y. Lebrun (Eds.) Early bilingualism and child development.  (pp. 47-68).  Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger BV. 

Cummins, J. (1984).  Wanted: A theoretical framework for relating language proficiency to academic achievement among bilingual students.  In C. Rivera (Ed.) Language proficiency and academic achievement. (pp. 2-19).  Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters. 

Cummins, J. (1984).  Language proficiency and academic achievement revisited: A response.  In C. Rivera (Ed.) Language proficiency and academic achievement. (pp. 71-76). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J., M. Swain, K. Nakajima, J. Handscombe, D. Green and C. Tran. (1984). Linguistic interdependence among Japanese and Vietnamese immigrant students.  In C. Rivera (Ed.) Communicative competence approaches to language proficiency assessment: Research and application.  (pp. 60-81).  Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.

Cummins, J. (1984).  Heritage language and Canadian school programs.  In J.R. Mallea and J.C. Young (Eds.) Cultural diversity and schooling in Canada: Issues and innovation. (pp. 477-500).  Carleton Library Series, Oxford University Press.

Lapkin, S. & Cummins, J. (1983).  Canadian French immersion education: Current administrative arrangements and instructional practices.  In California State Department of Education (Ed.), Studies on immersion education: A collection for U.S. educators. (pp. 58-86).  Sacramento: California State Department of Education.

Cummins, J. (1983).  Understanding language acquisition and bilingualism.  In Another window on the world.  Cardiff: Harlech Television.

Cummins, J. (1983).  Psychological assessment of minority language students.  In R.J. Samuda, J.W. Berry and M. Laferriere (Eds.)  Multicultural education in Canada. (pp. 238-249). Toronto: Allyn and Bacon.

Cummins, J. (1983) Language proficiency and academic achievement. In J.W. Oller (Ed.) Issues in language testing research. (pp. 108-130).  Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. 

Cummins, J. (1983).  Mother tongue development as educational enrichment: Research findings.  In J. Cummins (Ed.) Heritage language education: Issues and directions. (pp. 40-43). Ottawa: Multiculturalism Canada.

Cummins, J.  (1983).  Functional language proficiency in context: Classroom participation as an interactive process.  In W. Tikunoff (Ed.) Significant bilingual instructional features study: Compatibility of the SBIF features with other research on instruction for LEP students.  (pp. 109-131). San Francisco: Far West Laboratory.

Swain, M. & Cummins, J. (1982).  Bilingualism, cognitive functioning and education.  In V. Kinsella (Ed.) Surveys 1: Eight state-of-the-art articles on key areas in language teaching. (pp. 23-37).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cummins, J. & Das, J.P. (1982).  Language processing and reading disability.  In K.D. Gadow and I. Bialer (Eds.) Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities. (pp. 3-21). Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. 

Cummins, J. (1982).  Die Schwellenniveau und die Interdependenz-Hypothese: Erklarungen zum Erfolg Zweispracher Erziehung.  In J. Swift (Ed.) Bilinguale und multikulturelle Erziehung. (pp. 34-43).  Wurzberg: Konigshausen and Neumann.

Cummins, J.  (1981).  The role of primary language development in promoting educational success for language minority students.  In California State Department of Education (Ed.). Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework. (pp. 3-49). Los Angeles: National Dissemination and Assessment Center.

Cummins, J. & Abdollel, A.  (1981).  Bilingualism and educational adjustment of immigrant children: A case study of Lebanese families in Ontario.  In L. Eitinger and D. Schwarz (Eds.) Strangers in the world: Problems of dislocation, migration and refugee status. (pp. 147-160).  Berne: Hans Huber.

Cummins, J.  (1981). Biliteracy, language proficiency, and educational programs.  In J.R. Edwards (Ed.) The social psychology of reading. (pp. 131-146). Silver Spring: Institute of Modern Languages.

Cummins, J.  (1981). North American research and experience in the education of minority language children.  In Council of Europe (Ed.). The education of migrant workers' children. Stuttgart: Hogrefe International Inc.

Cummins, J.  (1980).  The construct of language proficiency in bilingual education.  In J.E. Alatis (Ed.).  Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, Washington, D.C.:  Georgetown University Press.

Stern, H.H. & Cummins, J.  (1980). Language teaching/learning research: A Canadian perspective on status and directions.  In J. Phillips (Ed.) Action for the '80s: A political, professional and public program for foreign language education. (pp. l95-248). ACTFL Foreign Language Education Series.

Cummins, J.  (1980).  Issues in psychological assessment of minority language children.  In R.F. Jarman and J.P. Das (Eds.), Issues in developmental disabilities. (pp. 50-70). Wisconsin: University Microfilms International.

Cummins, J.  (1979). Language functions and cognitive processing. In J.P. Das, J. Kirby and R.F. Jarman, Simultaneous and successive processing.  (pp. l75-l85).  New York: Academic Press.

Cummins, J.  (1978). Metalinguistic development of children in bilingual education programs: Data from Irish and Canadian (Ukrainian-English) programs.  In M. Paradis (Ed.) Aspects of bilingualism.  (pp. 127- 138). Columbia, S.C.: Hornbeam Press.

Cummins, J.  (1977). Psycholinguistic evidence.  In Bilingual education: Current perspectives. Vol. 4.  Education. (pp. 78-89).  Arlington, Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

Cummins, J.  (1977). A comparison of reading skills in Irish and English medium schools.  In V. Greaney (Ed.) Studies in reading. (pp. l28-l34).  Dublin: Educational Co. of Ireland, l977.  Reprinted in Oideas, 1982, 26, pp. 21-26.

Cummins, J. & Gulutsan, M.  (1974). Some effects of bilingualism on cognitive functioning.  In S.T. Carey (Ed.) Bilingualism and education. (pp. l29-l36). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.

ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS

 Cummins, J. (1999). The ethics of doublethink: Language rights and the bilingual education debate. TESOL Journal, 8(3), 13-17.

 Cummins, J. (1999). Alternative paradigms in bilingual education research: Does theory have a place? Educational Researcher, 28(7), 26-32.

 Fitzgerald, J. & Cummins, J. (1999). Bridging disciplines to critique a national research agenda for language-minority children’s schooling. Reading Research Quarterly, 34(3), 378-390.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Using text as input for computer-supported language learning. Computer-Assisted English Language Learning Journal, 9(1), 3-10.

Cummins, J. (1998). e-Lective language learning: Design of a computer-assisted text-based ESL/EFL learning system.  TESOL Journal, Spring, 18-21.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Review Essay: Bilingual education in the United States: Power, pedagogy, and possibility. The Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies, 20(3), 255-270.

 Cummins, J. (1997). Cultural and linguistic diversity in education: A mainstream issue? Educational Review, 49(2), 99-107.

 Cummins, J. (1997). Minority status and schooling in Canada. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 28(3), 411-430.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Negotiating identities in the classroom and society. Multicultural Teaching, 15(1), 47-50. 

Cummins, J. & Sayers, D. (Spring, 1995). Multicultural education and technology: Promise and pitfalls. Multicultural Education, pp. 4-11.

 Cummins, J. (1994).  Lies we live by: National identity and social justice.  International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 110, 145-155.

 Cummins, J. (1994).  Introduction.  English Quarterly, 26(3), 3-4.

 Cummins, J. & Cameron, L.  (1994).  The ESL student IS the mainstream: The marginalization of diversity in current Canadian  educational debates.  English Quarterly, 26:3, 30-33.

 Cummins, J.  (1993). Ideological assumptions in the teaching of English as a Second Language.  Revue de l'ACLA/Journal of the CAAL, 15(2), 37-50.

 Cummins, J. (1992).  L'educazione bilingue: ricerca e elaborazione teorica.  Il Quadrante Scolastico, 55,  54-69, Dicembre.

 Cummins, J. (1992).  Bilingual education and English immersion: The Ramirez report in theoretical perspective.  Bilingual  Research Journal, 16, 91-104.

 Cummins, J. (1992).  Heritage language teaching in Canadian schools.  Journal of Curriculum Studies, 24, 281-286.

 Cummins, J. (1991).  The development of bilingual proficiency from home to school: A longitudinal study of Portuguese-speaking children.  Journal of Education, 173, 85-98.

 Cummins, J. (1991). Conversational and academic language proficiency in bilingual contexts.  AILA Review, 8, 75-89.

 Cummins, J. (1991).  Introduction.  The Canadian Modern  Language Review, 47, 601-605.

 Cummins, J. (1991).  Forked tongue: The politics of bilingual education: A critique. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 47, 786-793.

 Cummins, J. (1991).  Preventing pedagogically-induced learning difficulties among indigenous students. Journal of Navajo Education,  8(3), 3-9.Cummins, J. & Sayers, D. (1990). Education 2001: Learning networks and educational reform.  Computers in the Schools, 7, 1-29.

 Cummins, J. (1990).  Dalla citta al villaggio globale: Il microcomputer come catalizzatore per un apprendimento collaborativo e lo scambio culturale.  Le Lingue nell'Educazione, 2, 2-9. (Translation of Language,  Culture, and Curriculum 1988 article).

 Cummins, J. (1990).  Empowering minority students: An analysis of the bilingual education debate.  Estudios Fronterizos, 8, 15-35.

 Cummins, J. (1990).  When a learner attempts to become literate in a second language, what is he or she attempting?  TESL  Talk, 20:1, 7-10. 

Allen, P., Cummins, J., Harley, B., & Swain, M.  (1989). Restoring the balance: A response to Hammerly.  Canadian Modern Language Review, 45:4, 770-776.

 Cummins, J. (1989).  A theoretical framework for bilingual special education.  Exceptional Children, 56, 111-119.

 Cummins, J. (1989).  Language and literacy acquisition in bilingual contexts.  Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Education, 10, 17-31.

 Cummins, J.  (1989). De la ciudad aislada a la aldea global: el microordenador como catalizador del aprendizaje cooperativo y del intercambio cultural.  Communicacion, Lenguaje y Educacion, 1, 57-70. (Translation of [Language, Culture, and  Curriculum 1988 article).

Cummins, J. (1988).  Teachers are not miracle workers: Lloyd Dunn's call for Hispanic activism.  Hispanic Journal of  Behavioral Sciences, 10, 263-272.

Cummins, J. (1988).  Lingue materne nella scuola elementare: recerche e esperienze canadesi.  Scuola e Lingue Moderne, 26, 249-254.

 Cummins, J. (1988).  From the inner city to the global village: The microcomputer as a catalyst for collaborative learning and cultural interchange.  Language, Culture and Curriculum, 1, 1-14.

 Cummins, J. (1988).  The role and use of educational theory in formulating language policy.  TESL Canada Journal, 5,  11-19.

 Cummins, J. (1987). Psychological assessment in multicultural school systems.  Canadian Journal for Exceptional Children,  3, 115-117.

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention.  Harvard Educational Review, 56, 18-36.

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Bilingual education and anti-racist education.  Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, 17, 9-12.

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Psychological assessment of minority students: Out of context, out of focus, out of control. Journal of Reading, Writing and Learning Disabilities International, 2, 9-20.

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Cultures in contact: Using classroom microcomputers for cultural interchange and reinforcement.  TESL Canada Journal, 3, 13-31.

Cummins, J. & Glazer, N. (1985).  Viewpoints on bilingual education. Equity and Choice,  3, 47-52.

Carey, S. & Cummins, J. (1984).  Communication skills in immersion programs.  Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 30, 270-283.

 Cummins, J. (1984).  Heritage language education: fact and friction.  Orbit, 15, 3-6.

 Cummins, J. (1983).  Interdependencia linguistica y desarrolo educativo de los ninos bilingues.  Infancia y Aprendizaje, 21, 37-61.  (Translation of Review of Educational Research, 1979, article).

Cummins, J. (1983).  Bilingualism and special education: Program and pedagogical issues. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6,  373-386.

 Cummins, J. (1983).  Language proficiency, biliteracy and French immersion.  Canadian Journal of Education, 8, 117-138.

 Carey, S. & Cummins, J.  (1983).  Achievement, behavioral correlates and teachers' perceptions of Francophone and Anglophone immersion students.  Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 8, 117-138.

Cummins, J. & Swain, M. (1983).  Analysis by rhetoric: Reading the text or the reader's own projections? A reply to Edelsky et al.  Applied Linguistics, 4, 23-41.

 Cummins, J. (1982).  Through the looking glass: What really happens in an immersion classroom?  Interchange, 13,  40-44.

 Cummins, J.  (1981). Four misconceptions about language proficiency in bilingual education. NABE Journal, 5, 3l-45.

 Cummins, J.  (1981).  Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada.  A reassessment.  Applied Linguistics, 2, l32-l49.

 Beaudoin, M., Cummins, J., Dunlop, H., Genesee, F., Obadia, A. (1981). Bilingual education: A comparison of Welsh and Canadian experiences. Canadian Modern Language Review, 37, 498-509.

 Cummins, J. (1981).  Empirical and theoretical underpinnings of bilingual education.  Journal of Education, l63, l6-29.

 Cummins, J.  (1981). Educational success for Canadian minority language children: The role of mother tongue development. Canadian Journal of Italian Studies, 4, 299-315.

 Cummins, J., & Das, J.P. (1981).  Cognitive processing, academic achievement, and WISC-R performance in EMR children.  Journal of  Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 777- 779.

 Cummins, J. (1980). Ancestral language maintenance: The roles of home and school.  Multiculturalism, 4, 23-27.

 Cummins, J.  (1980). The entry and exit fallacy in bilingual education.  NABE Journal, 4, 25-60.

 Cummins, J.  (1980).  The cross-lingual dimensions of language proficiency: Implications for bilingual education and the optimal age issue.  TESOL Quarterly, l4, l75-l87.

 Cummins, J.  (1980). Bilingualism and the ESL Student.  TESL Talk, ll, 8-l3.

 Cummins, J.  (1980).  Psychological assessment of immigrant children: Logic or intuition?  Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1, 97-lll. 

Cummins, J.  (1980).  The language and culture issue in the education of minority group children. Interchange, l0, 72-88.

 Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children.  Review of Educational Research, 49, 222-25l.  (reprinted in the National Dissemination and Assessment Center, Bilingual Education Paper Series, September, l979.)

 Das, J.P., Kirby, J.R., Jarman, R.F., & Cummins, J. (1979). Simultaneous and successive processes, language, and mental abilities.  Canadian Psychological Review, 20, l-ll.

 Cummins, J. & Mulcahy, R.  (1979). Simultaneous and successive processing and narrative speech.  Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, ll, 64-7l.

 Cummins, J.  (1979). Bilingualism and educational development in anglophone and minority francophone groups in Canada.  Interchange, 9, 40-51.

 Cummins, J.  (1979). Should the child who is experiencing difficulties in early immersion be switched to the regular English program?  A reinterpretation of Trites' data.  Canadian Modern Language Review, 36, l39-l43.

Swain, M. & Cummins, J.  (1979). Bilingualism, cognitive functioning and education.  Language Teaching and Linguistic Abstracts, l2, 4-l8.

 Cummins, J.  (1979).  Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. l9, l97-205.

Cummins, J.  (1978).  Immersion programmes: The Irish experience. International Review of Education, 24, 273-282.

Cummins, J. & Das, J.P. (1978). Academic performance and cognitive processes in EMR children.  American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 83, l97-l99.

 Cummins, J. & Das, J.P.  (1978).  Simultaneous and successive syntheses and linguistic processes. International Journal of Psychology, 13, l29-l38.

 Cummins, J. & Abdollel, A.  (1978).  Bibliographic focus: Adjustment of immigrant children in bilingual situations. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4, 80-85.

 Cummins, J.  (1978). The cognitive development of bilingual children: A review of recent research.  Indian Journal of  Applied Linguistics, 4, 75-99.

 Cummins, J.  (1978). Bilingualism and the development of metalinguistic awareness.  Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9, l3l-l49.

 Cummins, J.  (1978).  The cognitive development of children in immersion programs.  The Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 855-983.

 Cummins, J.  (1978).  Language and children's ability to evaluate contradictions and tautologies.  A critique of Osherson and Markman's findings.  Child Development, 49, 895-897.

 Cummins, J. & R. Mulcahy (1978). Orientation to language in Ukrainian-English bilinguals.  Child Development, 49, 479-482.

 Cummins, J.  (1978). Educational implications of mother tongue maintenance for minority language groups.  Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 395-4l6.

 Cummins, J. & Das, J.P. (1977). Cognitive processing and reading difficulties.  Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 23, 245-256. 

 Cummins, J.  (1977).  Immersion education in Ireland: A critical review of Macnamara's findings. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. l3, l2l-l29.

 Cummins, J.  (1977). Delaying native language reading instruction in immersion programs: A cautionary note.  Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 46-49.

 Cummins, J.  (1977). Cognitive factors associated with the attainment of intermediate levels of bilingual skills.  Modern Language Journal, 6l, 3-l2.

 Cummins, J.  (1976).  The cognitive basis of the Uznadze illusion. International Journal of Psychology, l1, 89-l00.

 Cummins, J.  (1976). The influence of bilingualism on cognitive growth: A synthesis of research findings and explanatory hypotheses.  Working Papers on Bilingualism, No.9, l-43.

 Cummins, J. & Gulutsan, M.  (1975).  Set, objectification and second language learning.  International Journal of Psychology, l0, 9l-l00.

 Cummins, J. & Gulutsan, M.  (1974). Bilingual education and cognition.  The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 20, 259-269.

 Cummins, J.  (1974). Bilingual cognition: A reply to Neufeld. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 4, 99-l06.

 Cummins, J.  (1973).  A theoretical perspective on the relationship between bilingualism and thought.  Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. l, l-9.

 PAPERS IN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

 Cummins, J. (1998). Immersion for the millenium: What have we learned from 30 years of research on second language immersion? In M.R. Childs & R.M. Bostwick (Eds.) Learning through two languages: Research and practice. Second Katoh Gakuen International Symposium on Immersion and Bilingual Education.(pp. 34-47).  Katoh Gakuen, Japan.

 Cummins, J. (1998). How can we maximize students’ learning in a content-based foreign language program?  In M.R. Childs & R.M. Bostwick (Eds.) Learning through two languages: Research and practice. Second Katoh Gakuen International Symposium on Immersion and Bilingual Education. (pp. 83-86).  Katoh Gakuen, Japan.

 Cummins, J.  (1992).  Significant developments in bilingual education.  In Proceedings/Memoria: First annual conference on "Books in Spanish for Young Readers.”  October, 1991.  (pp. 5-16). San Marcos, CA: Center for the Study of Books in Spanish for Children and Adolescents.

BOOK FOREWORDS AND AFTERWORDS

 Cummins, J. (1999).  Foreword. In N. Cloud, F. Genesee, & E. Hamayan, Dual-language instruction: A handbook for enriched education. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

 Cummins, J. (1999). Foreword.  In S. Nieto, Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. 3rd Edition (pp. xv-xvii).  New York: Longman.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Foreword. In C. J. Ovando & V. P. Collier, Bilingual and ESL classrooms: Teaching in multicultural contexts. (pp. ix-xi). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Foreword. In V. Edwards, The power of Babel: Teaching and learning in multilingual classrooms. (p. v). Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Foreword. In M.E. Brisk, Bilingual education: From compensatory to quality education.(pp. vii-ix).  Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Foreword. In E. Coelho, Teaching and learning in multicultural schools. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Foreword. In J. M. O'Malley & L.V. Pierce, Authentic assessment for English language learners. (pp. iii-v). White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Foreword.  In S. Nieto, Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. 2nd Edition (pp. xv-xvii).  New York: Longman.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Preface. In J.M. Lopes and M. de Sao Pedro Lopes (Eds.) Uma longa viagem: Historia da emigracao Portuguesa para o Canada. (pp. iv-vi). Toronto: OISE Press.

 Cummins, J. (1994).  Afterword.  In S. Paloma McCaleb, Building communities of learners. (pp. 195-199). New York: St. Martin's Press.

 Cummins, J. (1992). Foreword.  In S. Nieto, Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. (pp. xvii-xix).  New York: Longman.

 Cummins, J. (1992). Foreword.  In B. Harry, Cultural diversity, families, and the special education system: Communication and empowerment.  (pp. vii-ix). New York: Teachers College Press.

Cummins, J. (1991). Foreword. In R.A. DeVillar & C. Faltis, Computers and cultural diversity: Restructuring for school success. (pp. vii-1x). Albany: SUNY Press.

 Cummins, J. (1989). Foreword.  In J. Sierra & I. Olaziregi, EIFE 2: Influence of factors on the learning of Basque: Study of the models A, B, and D in fifth year Basque general education.  (pp. 15-17).  Gasteiz: Central Publications Service of the Basque Government.

Cummins, J. (1988). Foreword.  In M.W. O Murchu & H. O Murchu (Eds.)  Aspects of bilingual education: The Italian and Irish experience.  Dublin: Bord Na Gaeilge.

BOOK REVIEWS

 Cummins, J. (in press). Review of E. Thompson (Ed.), “The emigrant’s guide to North America,” by Robert McDougall. Canadian Ethnic Studies.

 Cummins, J. (in press). Review of S. D. Krashen, “Condemned without a trial: Bogus arguments against bilingual education” and K. D. Samway & D. McKeon, “Myths and realities: Best practices for language minority students.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Review of “Mace-Matluck, B., Alexander-Kasparik, R, & Queen, R. (1998). Through the golden door: Educational approaches for immigrant adolescents with limited schooling. McHenry, IL: Delta Systems & Center for Applied Linguistics. Bilingual Research Journal, 22:1, 87-91. (appeared in 2000).

 Cummins, J. (1997). Review of J. Edwards, "Multilingualism". Canadian Ethnic Studies,

 Cummins, J. (1996, May). Review of H. Baetens Beardsmore (Ed.) "European models of bilingual education". Comparative Education Review, 40:2, 212-215.

 Cummins, J. (1995).  Review of E. Reid and H. Reich (Eds.) "Breaking the boundaries: Migrant workers' children in the EC". Language and Education, 

 Cummins, J. (1992).  Review of A.G. Reynolds (Ed.) "Bilingualism, multiculturalism, and second language learning: The McGill conference in honour of Wallace E. Lambert". Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47:3,

Cummins, J. (1991).  Review of Canadian Education Association "Heritage Language Programs in Canadian School Boards". Our Schools Our Selves, 3:3, 170-173

Cummins, J. (1990).  Review of M. Ashworth  "Blessed with bilingual brains: Education of immigrant children with English as a second language".  TESL Canada Journal, 7, 103-106.

 Cummins, J. (1989).  Review of Hamers, J.F. & Blanc, M.H.A. "Bilinguality and bilingualism". Language and Education, 3, 213-216.

 Cummins, J. (1988).  Review of P. O'Riagain (Ed.) "Language planning in Ireland". Language, Culture and Curriculum, 1, 303-308.

 Cummins, J. (1988).  Review of K. Hakuta "Mirror of language: The debate on bilingualism." Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 10, 74-75.

 Cummins, J. (1988).  Review of B. McLaughlin "Second language acquisition in childhood." 2nd edition. Vol. 1.  Contemporary Psychology.

 Cummins, J. (1985).  Review of A. Tosi "Immigration and bilingual education", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 6, 515-519.

 Cummins, J.  (1980). Review of H. Giles (Ed.) "Language, ethnicity and intergroup processes". Language in Society, 9.

 Cummins, J.  (1978). Review of A. Simoes (Ed.) "The bilingual child".  International Review of Education, 24, 427.

 Cummins, J.  (1978). Review of M. Cole et al.  "The cultural context of learning and thinking". The Economic and Social Review, 4, 605.

 TECHNICAL WRITINGS

 Tests

 Munoz, A., Cummins, J., Alvarado, C.G., & Ruef, M.L. (1998). The Bilingual Verbal Ability Test. Itasca, IL: Riverside  Publishing.

 Curriculum Programs

 Cummins, J. (co-author). (1999). Lectura Scott Foresman. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.

 Cummins, J. (ESL consulting author). (1999). Reading 2000. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.

 Cummins, J. (Consulting author). (1999). Ciencias. Scott Foresman.

 Cummins, J. (ESL consulting author). (1999). The Literacy Place Teacher’s Guide (Grades 4, 5, 6). Toronto: Scholastic Canada.

 Chamot, A.U., Cummins, J., Kessler, C., O'Malley, J.M., Wong Fillmore, L. (1996). ScottForesman ESL: Accelerating English Language Learning. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman Addison Wesley.

 Ada, A.F., Chamot, A.U., Cummins, J., Ewy, C., Kessler, C., & O'Malley, J.M. (consulting authors). (1995). Parade. Glenview IL: ScottForesman Publishers.

 Reports

 Cummins, J. (1999). Medium of instruction in schools: The case of Canada and the United States. Paper prepared for the Regional Report on Medium of Instruction in Schools, Hong Kong Standing Committee on Language Education and Research, April 1999

 Cummins, J. (1999).The construct of general language proficiency: theoretical foundations, assessment, and articulation to the Canadian language benchmarks. Prepared for the Canadian Language Benchmarks Assessment Project, Peel Board of Education, March.

 Cummins, J. (1998). Options for accommodation and exemptions for ESL students. Report prepared for the Education Quality and Accountability Office, Toronto, Ontario.

 Cummins, J.  (1994).  The role of language maintenance and literacy development in promoting academic achievement in a multicultural society.  A report prepared for the Ontario Royal Commission on Learning.

 Cumming, A., Hart, D., Corson, D. & Cummins, J. (1993). Provisions and demands for ESL, ESD, and ALF programs in Ontario schools.  Report submitted to the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training, December, 1993.

 Cummins, J.  (1992).  Interpretations of Calgary RCSSD #1 Literacy Immersion Project Year 3 data.  Report submitted to the Calgary RCSSB #1.

 Cummins, J.  (1990). Assessment and placement of minority students: Identification and analysis of significant initiatives and policy options in Ontario. Unpublished research report, OISE.

 Cummins, J. & Lam, M. (1989). The classroom microcomputer as a catalyst for interactive/experiential pedagogy.  Unpublished research report, OISE.

 Cummins, J. & Aguiar, M. (1988).  Conference report: National conference on heritage language teacher training.  Final report submitted to the Multiculturalism sector, Secretary of State, March.

Harley, B., Allen, P., Cummins, J. & Swain, M. (1987).  The development of bilingual proficiency.  Vols. I, II, III.  Final report submitted to the SSHRC, April.

 Cummins, J. (1987).  The National Heritage Language Resource Unit.  Final report submitted to the Multiculturalism Sector, Secretary of State, March.

 Harley, B., Allen, P., Cummins, J. & Swain, M. (1983).  The development of bilingual proficiency.  Second year report submitted to the SSHRC, June.

Cummins, J. (1984).  Evaluation of the Calgary French School. Report submitted to the Board of Directors, Calgary French School, September.

 Cummins, J. (1983).  Policy report: Language and literacy learning in bilingual instruction.  Austin, Texas: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.

 Cummins, J., Swain, M., Nakajima, K., Handscombe, J., Green, D. and Tran C. (1983). Linguistic interdependence among Japanese and Vietnamese immigrant students. Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.

Cummins, J. (1982).  Interdependence and cultural ambivalence: Regarding the pedagogical rationale for bilingual education. Rosslyn, Virginia: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. (Occasional publication).

Cummins, J. & Green, D. (1982).  Early identification of learning difficulties among bilingual children: A pilot study.  Research report submitted to the North York Board of Education.

Lapkin, S. & Cummins, J. (1981). Evaluation of the Frontenac-Lennox and Addington Roman Catholic Separate School Board Grades Five and Six bilingual program, Year 2, OISE.

Cummins, J.  (1980). Psychological assessment of immigrant students.  Research report. (ED 206 l53)

Lapkin, S. & Cummins, J. (1980).  Evaluation of the Frontenac-Lennox and Addington Roman Catholic Separate School Board Grade Five bilingual program, Year l, OISE.

Carey, S.T. & Cummins, J. (1978).  English and French achievement of Grade 5 children from English, French and mixed French-English home backgrounds attending the Edmonton Separate School System English-French bilingual program.  Report submitted to the Edmonton Separate School System.

Madaus, G., Kellaghan, T., Rakow, E., King, D., Cummins, J. & Polit, D.   (1975). A study of the sensitivity of measures of school effectiveness.  Report submitted to the Carnegie Corporation, New York, l975.

 OTHER PUBLICATIONS

 Cummins, J. (1999, June).  Research, ethics, and public discourse: The debate on bilingual education. AAHE Bulletin, 51(10), 3-5.

 Watson, C. & Cummins, J. (1999, March). Some things to know about children acquiring two languages. WigWag,  3-5.

 Cummins, J. (1998).  Rossell and Baker: Their case for the effectiveness of bilingual education. Currents in Literacy, 1(2), 10, 11 & 31.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Official English on the Brink. The Clarion: Newsletter of the European Second Language Association. 2:1, 27-28.

 Cummins, J. (1996). Accelerating English language learning. Glenview, IL: ScottForesman Publishers.

 Cummins, J. & Danesi, M. (1995). Literacy and heritage language education: What does the research say? Il Forneri, 9(2), 70-83. (published in 1999).

 Cummins, J. (1993).  Underdompelingsprogramma's (2): Hjoeddeiske problemen en rjochtlinen foar de takomst.  De Pompebleden, 64:2, April, 32-37.

Cummins, J. (1993).  Underdompelingsprogramma's (1): Hjoeddeiske problemen en rjochtlinen foar de takomst.  De Pompebleden, 64:1, February, 11-14.

 Cummins, J. (1993).  Negotiating identities in the ESL classroom. Contact, 19:1, 30-32.

 Cummins, J. (1991).  Heritage languages in Canadian schools: Fact and friction.  Lectures and Papers in Ethnicity, No. 6. Department of Sociology, University of Toronto

 Cummins, J. (1987).  Bilingual education and politics. The Education Digest, 53, 30-33. (Abridged from Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, 1986.)

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Around the world in 80 seconds: Computer networks and language learning.  Heritage Language Bulletin, 1, 1-3.

 Cummins, J. (1986).  Computers stimulate real life language interaction.  Canadian Parents for French Newsletter, 35, 4.

 Cummins, J. & Glazer, N. (1986).  Viewpoints on bilingual education.  California School Boards Journal, 44, 10-13. (Abridged from Equity and Choice, 2).

 Aguiar, M., Cummins, J., Fiorucci, S., Katsaiti, L. & Kruk, R. (1986).  The write way. Promoting creative writing in heritage languages.  Toronto: The National Heritage Language Resource Unit.

 Cummins, J. (1985).  Bilingualism and minority language children. Manitoba Heritage Review, 2, 7-10.

 Cummins, J. (1985).  Bilingualism in the home.  Heritage Language Bulletin, 1, 10-11.

 Cummins, J. (1982).  Tests, achievement and bilingual students. Focus, No. 9, 1-5.

 Cummins, J. (1982).  A test is a test are tests: Psychological tests and students for whom English is a second language. Set: Research Information for Teachers (New Zealand), No. 2, 1-4.

Cummins, J.  (1982). A short summary and discussion of related research.  In Towards a comprehensive language policy: The final report of the Work Group on Third Language Instruction.  Toronto Board of Education.

Cummins, J.  (1981).  Research findings from French immersion programs across Canada: A parent's guide.  In BC Ministry of Education, Early French Immersion: Teacher's Resource Book.

Victoria: Ministry of Education, British Columbia, l98l. Reprinted as CFP Special Report, Canadian Parents for French Newsletter, October, l983.

 Cummins, J. (1980).  Mother-tongue maintenance for minority language children: Some common misconceptions.  Translated into Korean, Vietnamese and Spanish and distributed by the California State Department of Education, l980. (Reprinted in Inner London Education Authority, Forum No. 2, Spring l984).

Cummins, J. (1980). Det Forsta Spraket (The first language). Invandrare och minoriteter (Sweden). l2-l8.

Cummins, J.  (1980). Report on Georgetown University Round Table, SLANT.  58-65.

Cummins, J.  (1977).  The linguistic and cognitive development of retarded children: A review of recent research.  Mental Retardation Bulletin, 5. 9-29.

Cummins, J.  (1976). Sensitivity to non-verbal communication as a factor in language learning. Grazer Linguisitic Studien, No.3.

Cummins, J.  (1976). The Coleman Report ten years later. Mental Retardation Bulletin, 4, l39-l46.